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The International Congress of Mathematicians (ICM) is the largest conference for the topic of mathematics. It meets once every four years, hosted by the International Mathematical Union (IMU). The Fields Medals, the Nevanlinna Prize, the Gauss Prize, and the Chern Medal are awarded during the congress' opening ceremony. Each congress is memorialized by a printed set of Proceedings recording academic papers based on invited talks intended to be relevant to current topics of general interest. ==History== Felix Klein and Georg Cantor are credited with putting forward the idea of an international congress of mathematicians in the 1890s.〔(THE INTERNATIONAL MATHEMATICAL UNION AND THE ICM CONGRESSES. ) www.icm2006.org. Accessed December 23, 2009.〕〔A. John Coleman. ("Mathematics without borders": a book review ). ''CMS Notes'', vol 31, no. 3, April 1999, pp. 3-5〕 The first International Congress of Mathematicians was held in Zurich in August 1897. The organizers included such prominent mathematicians as Luigi Cremona, Felix Klein, Gösta Mittag-Leffler, Andrey Markov, and others. The congress was attended by 208 mathematicians from 16 countries, including 12 from Russia and 7 from the U.S.A.〔 During the 1900 congress in Paris, France, David Hilbert announced his famous list of 23 unsolved mathematical problems, now termed Hilbert's problems. Moritz Cantor and Vito Volterra gave the two plenary lectures at the start of the congress. At the 1904 ICM Gyula Kőnig delivered a lecture where he claimed that Cantor's famous continuum hypothesis was false. An error in Kőnig's proof was discovered by Ernst Zermelo soon thereafter. Kőnig's announcement at the congress caused considerable uproar, and Klein had to personally explain to the Grand Duke of Baden (who was a financial sponsor of the congress) what could cause such an unrest among mathematicians.〔 During the 1912 congress in Cambridge, England, Edmund Landau listed four basic problems about prime numbers, now called Landau's problems. The 1924 congress in Toronto was organized by John Charles Fields, initiator of the Fields Medal; it included a roundtrip railway excursion to Vancouver and ferry to Victoria. The first two Fields Medals were awarded at the 1936 ICM in Oslo.〔 In the aftermath of World War I, at the insistence of the Allied Powers, the 1920 ICM in Strasbourg and the 1924 ICM in Toronto excluded mathematicians from the countries formerly comprising the Central Powers. This resulted in a still unresolved controversy as to whether to count the Strasbourg and Toronto congresses as true ICMs. At the opening of the 1932 ICM in Zürich, Hermann Weyl said: "We attend here to an extraordinary improbable event. For the number of ''n'', corresponding to the just opened International Congress of Mathematicians, we have the inequality 7 ≤ ''n'' ≤ 9; unfortunately our axiomatic foundations are not sufficient to give a more precise statement”.〔 As a consequence of this controversy, from the 1932 Zürich congress onward, the ICMs are not numbered.〔G. Curbera. (ICM through history. ) Newsletter of the European Mathematical Society, no. 63, March 2007, pp. 16-21. Accessed December 23, 2009.〕 For the 1950 ICM in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Laurent Schwartz, one of the Fields Medalists for that year, and Jacques Hadamard, both of whom were viewed by the U.S. authorities as communist sympathizers, were only able to obtain U.S. visas after the personal intervention of President Harry Truman.〔Vladimir Maz'ya, Tatyana Shaposhnikova. (Jacques Hadamard: a universal mathematician. ) American Mathematical Society, 1999. ISBN 0-8218-1923-2; p. 271〕〔Michèle Audin, ''Correspondance entre Henri Cartan et André Weil (1928-1991)'', Documents Mathématiques 6, Société Mathématique de France, 2011, p. 259-313〕 The first woman to give an ICM plenary lecture, at the 1932 congress in Zürich, was Emmy Noether.〔 The second ICM plenary talk by a woman was delivered 58 years later, at the 1990 ICM in Kyoto, by Karen Uhlenbeck.〔Sylvia Wiegand. (Report on the Berlin ICM. ) AWM Newsletter, 28(6), November–December 1998, pp. 3-8〕 The 1998 congress was attended by 3,346 participants. The American Mathematical Society reported that more than 4,500 participants attended the 2006 conference in Madrid, Spain. The King of Spain presided over the 2006 conference opening ceremony. The 2010 Congress took place in Hyderabad, India, on August 19–27, 2010. The (ICM 2014 ) was held in Seoul, South Korea, on August 13-21, 2014. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「International Congress of Mathematicians」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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